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What Is a Reactive Dog? A Complete Guide

What Is a Reactive Dog? A Complete Guide

David Adams

September 10, 2025

Dog Reactivity

What Is a Reactive Dog? A Complete Guide thumbnail

Is your dog overly excited or fearful around other dogs? Do they bark, lunge, or whine? You might have a reactive dog. Many dog owners face this challenge. Understanding what a reactive dog is is the first step to helping them. This guide explores the common causes of dog reactivity, explains what makes a dog reactive, and offers practical tips and resources. Let's work together to build a stronger bond with your dog and enjoy stress-free walks.

Reactivity is common in dogs. Your dog barking, growling, lunging, or otherwise acting “out of control” on walks or out in public can feel embarrassing — but it’s important to remember that your pup is having a hard time, not trying to give you a hard time.

Sniffspot is committed to providing reactive dog guardians with safe spaces for off-leash exercise as well as up-to-date, trustworthy resources on how to help your sensitive dog feel better about the world around them (and therefore act better, too, in a way that enables you to enjoy more experiences together).

In this guide, we’ll go over what dog reactivity is and isn’t (and what normal dog behavior is), what causes reactivity, and what to do if your dog is showing signs of reactivity.

What is reactivity in a pet dog?

The American Kennel Club defines reactive dogs as “[dogs] that overreact to certain things or situations.” This means that a dog’s reaction to a certain stimulus is excessive or out of proportion with the situation.

Reactivity generally encompasses a range of undesirable aggressive or defensive behaviors (barking, growling, lunging, jumping, pulling, and so on) in situations that typically don’t warrant them in our minds (triggers are behaving normally in a non threatening way) but that are overwhelming or scary to our dogs.

Reactivity is very common: Our own research shows that 75% of dog owners say they have a dog that shows some signs of reactivity.

Key Takeaways

Reactivity stems from various factors: A dog's genetics, early experiences, and learned associations can all contribute to reactivity. Consider underlying medical conditions as a potential cause and consult your veterinarian if you suspect a medical issue.

Management and training are crucial for reactive dogs: Identify your dog's specific triggers and employ management strategies to minimize their exposure. Utilize positive reinforcement methods like counter-conditioning and desensitization to modify behavior. Avoid punishment, as it can escalate fear and anxiety.

Building a supportive network is essential: Seek guidance from a certified professional dog trainer or veterinary behaviorist for a tailored training plan. Connect with other owners of reactive dogs for shared experiences and support. Prioritize your own well-being throughout the process, as managing a reactive dog can be demanding.

Get safe exercise for your dog by renting a private dog park near you

What causes dog reactivity?

According to the AKC, “genetics, lack of proper socialization, or a combination of the two can cause reactivity.”

Nature and nurture both play a role in dog reactivity

The “nature versus nurture” debate is at play here. It’s tough to determine what is caused by genetics and what is caused by your dog’s environment, lack of socialization, or potentially traumatic past experiences.

For example, if a dog is born to a mother who is reactive to certain stimuli, he will likely become reactive to the same stimuli. However, it’s difficult to say whether this is straightforward genetics, or whether the dog learned this behavior as a puppy by watching his mother. In a puppy’s early life, especially the first twelve weeks, socialization is critical. If a dog is not properly socialized during this time and is observing a parent with reactive behavior, she might become reactive.

Applied animal behaviorist and author Patricia McConnell writes that dog reactivity can be caused by caused by psychological trauma and compares reactivity to soldiers with PTSD: “Just as a veteran soldier with PTSD can react to a loud noise by throwing herself to the ground, dogs with their alarm systems fixed on HIGH are usually quick to startle to an abrupt noise, or panic when unfamiliar dogs appear.”

The general consensus is that genetics may play a part in dog reactivity — and it’s also likely a conditioned behavioral response. In pet dogs, aggressive behavior on leash can usually be identified as either fear-based leash reactivity or frustration-based leash reactivity.

Genetic Predisposition

Certain breeds are known to be more prone to reactivity than others. Herding dogs, for example, are often naturally more alert and reactive to movement, while some terrier breeds were bred to react to small animals. While genetics may increase the likelihood of reactivity, it doesn’t guarantee it. A dog's environment and experiences play a significant role in shaping their behavior. The American Kennel Club emphasizes that both genetics and learned behavior contribute to reactivity.

Early Experiences and Socialization

A puppy’s early life, especially the first three months, is a critical period for socialization. Positive exposure to various sights, sounds, people, and other dogs during this time can significantly impact a dog's future behavior. If a puppy isn't properly socialized or witnesses reactive behavior in their parent or littermates, they may be more likely to develop reactivity themselves.

Learned Associations

Sometimes, reactivity develops from learned associations. A dog may have a negative experience, such as being startled by a loud noise or rushed by an unfamiliar dog. They might then associate that experience with specific triggers. For example, if a dog is startled by a skateboarder, they might develop a fear of all skateboarders. As Patricia McConnell explains, this can be similar to how humans with PTSD react to triggers. Over time, these learned associations can lead to reactive behaviors.

Fear-based dog reactivity

Fear-based dog reactivity is often caused when nervous or uncertain dogs feel trapped in a certain situation. This causes them to display defensive behaviors that can sometimes be interpreted as aggression (even though the root cause is feeling unsafe, and it’s a bad idea to assume your dog is inherently aggressive because they act defensively).

You can read more about fear aggression in this guide.

Frustration-based leash reactivity

Frustration-based leash reactivity, on the other hand, stems from a dog wanting to interact with something (a person, another dog, an item) that they can’t.

This is common in social dogs who regularly visit dog parks or attend daycare. They love other pets and get frustrated when they aren’t allowed to greet them! That frustration (especially when being held back on a leash) can quickly build into a reactive display. If your dog’s reactivity is limited to when they’re tethered, this article talks about fixing leash reactivity or leash aggression specifically.

Medical Reasons for Reactivity

Sometimes, reactivity isn’t simply behavioral—it’s medical. If your dog suddenly starts exhibiting reactive behaviors, schedule a checkup with your veterinarian to rule out any underlying medical conditions.

Underlying Pain or Discomfort

Reactivity can stem from underlying pain or discomfort. A dog experiencing pain due to an injury or medical condition like arthritis may react defensively to perceived threats, especially if those situations involve being touched or approached in a way that might exacerbate their pain. For instance, a dog with a sore hip might react aggressively if someone tries to pet them near their hindquarters. The Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine offers resources on managing reactive behavior, including information related to pain management.

Neurological Conditions

Reactive dogs may have underlying neurological issues that affect their behavior and lead to heightened sensitivity to stimuli. These conditions can interfere with a dog's ability to process their environment, resulting in reactive behaviors. For example, a dog with a neurological condition might overreact to loud noises or sudden movements. PetMD provides further information on recognizing the signs of a reactive dog and strategies to help.

Hormonal Imbalances

Hormonal changes, such as those related to thyroid issues or other endocrine disorders, can influence a dog's behavior and contribute to reactivity. These imbalances can affect mood and stress levels, making a dog more prone to react. For example, a dog with a thyroid imbalance might exhibit increased anxiety and reactivity. The American Kennel Club offers guidance on understanding the difference between reactivity and aggression, which can be crucial in determining the root cause of your dog's behavior. Proper diagnosis and management of hormonal imbalances can significantly improve a reactive dog's well-being.

Are certain breeds or types of dogs more likely to be reactive?

The answer is tricky. Some breeds have been bred for specific purposes, such as hunting or herding, and this can influence their behavior.

In addition, over the years, different dog breeds have been maligned for alleged tendencies toward reactivity or aggression (think of all the negative press about Pit Bulls, an umbrella term used for an entire group of different breeds, over the last couple of decades). However, there is no scientific evidence that suggests this is true the way mainstream media often portrays it.

Let’s take a deeper look into dog breed and reactivity.

Some breeds have innate instincts that can be linked to reactivity

We bred certain traits into dog breeds over generations and generations. Two examples: Herders are hyper-aware of their surroundings, and terriers have an intense desire to chase prey. So if your Cattle Dog is barking at quick-moving objects or your Jack Russell keeps lunging after rabbits, there’s a chance their reactivity is caused by unmet genetic drives rather than a lack of socialization! (You can read more about training a herding breed specifically in this article.)

Other dogs are just prone to overarousal, independent of breed

Some dogs also struggle with general overarousal even if they aren’t acting on specific breed traits. If your pet can’t seem to settle down even in familiar environments, triggers out in the world can be like the straw that broke the camel’s back — the final stimulus that puts them all the way over their threshold (which is low already) even though the problem is bigger than that one thing.

Any dog breed can become fearful or frustrated

As mentioned above, much pet dog reactivity can be classified as either fear or frustration based.

In an article about leash reactivity (dogs who are reactive while they are on a leash), Sue Brown, MNM, CDBC, CPDT-KA, states “you cannot predict which dogs will be reactive simply by looking at their breed.” She adds that she is not aware of any studies that look at this question.

While more research is needed, it is likely that a dog’s environment and socialization, not breed, are the key factors in reactivity.

Get your dog the safe enrichment they need by renting a Sniffspot

What is not dog reactivity?

It can be tough to know what is and is not reactivity. Remember the definition of reactivity: Dogs that overreact to certain things or situations. To be considered reactive, your dog needs to have certain triggers that are consistent over time — the same stimulus provokes a reaction.

Basically: Your puppy who woofs once or twice when startled? They wouldn’t be diagnosed with reactivity. One who barks, growls, and lunges at every other dog they see out on a walk, on the other hand? They would be considered reactive.

Below are a few behaviors that are not reactivity but are commonly confused with it.

Territoriality or Resource Guarding

Territoriality or resource guarding can sometimes be mistaken for reactivity. While there can be overlap, they aren’t quite the same thing. A reactive dog has specific triggers, meaning the same stimulus provokes a reaction every time. These triggers can vary widely, from other dogs to skateboards to men with beards. Resource guarding, on the other hand, is about your dog protecting something they value. This could be food, toys, a favorite spot on the couch, or even you.

Think of it this way: A reactive dog might bark and lunge at every stroller they see on a walk, regardless of who is pushing it or what’s inside. A dog exhibiting resource guarding behaviors might only growl if someone approaches while they’re chewing a bone. The key difference is the presence of the valued resource. The stroller is always a stroller, but the bone is only valuable when your dog possesses it.

It’s important to note that resource guarding can be dangerous. If your dog feels threatened, they might bite to protect what they see as theirs. If you see signs of resource guarding, consult with a certified professional dog trainer or a veterinary behaviorist. They can help you understand the underlying causes of the behavior and develop a safe and effective training plan.

Rough play

Though rough play can sometimes seem scary — especially if it’s particularly vocal — it’s a normal part of dog interaction. As long as the play is reciprocal (both parties are into it) and each dog takes turns, there’s no cause for concern.

Puppy nipping

Puppies use their mouths to explore. This often involves nipping, especially during play. While this can be annoying or painful, it is not reactivity. Biting is a normal puppy behavior!

What’s more: Remember that puppyhood can be a tumultuous time. Most trainers would not consider any puppy to be properly reactive until they were several months of age and showing more consistent responses to the world around them.

Resource guarding

Dogs will sometimes guard things that are of value to them, such as food (commonly called “food aggression”), bones, or sleeping areas. This may come with behaviors such as growling or snapping and can thus sometimes be erroneously called reactivity.

However, resource guarding is considered a normal behavior for dogs. It absolutely needs to be managed so that it does not escalate to aggression toward the people living in the house with the dog — there are ways to work through it! — but protecting possessions is a normal canine instinct. In general, resource guarding is not considered a reactive behavior.

Pain-Induced Aggression

It’s important to consider that some aggressive behaviors may stem from underlying pain or discomfort. A dog in pain may react aggressively when approached or handled, as they may feel threatened or vulnerable. This can manifest as reactivity, where a dog overreacts to certain situations. For example, a dog with arthritis might growl or snap if you try to pet their hip. They aren't necessarily aggressive, but they're communicating their discomfort. Similarly, a dog with an ear infection might react defensively if you try to examine their ears.

If your dog suddenly starts showing signs of reactivity or aggression, it's crucial to rule out any underlying medical conditions. A visit to the vet is the first step. They can assess your dog's health and determine if pain or discomfort contributes to the behavior. If your dog is experiencing pain, finding a safe and comfortable space for them to relax and recover is essential. Once any medical issues are addressed, you can work with a veterinarian or a certified professional dog trainer to develop a behavior modification plan tailored to your dog's specific needs. For additional resources on dog training and behavior, you can explore Sniffspot's articles on top dog trainers.

Barking or whining when separated from you

This is more accurately classified as “separation anxiety,” not reactivity. You can learn more about separation anxiety in this article and anxiety in general in this one!
A dog barks at his home's front gate, possibly experiencing isolation or separation anxiety

A dog barks at his home's front gate, possibly experiencing isolation or separation anxiety

How do I know if my dog is reactive?

Do you think your dog is “aggressive” or notice that they bark, lunge, or have other extreme responses to certain stimuli? You might have a reactive dog.

Look for signs of reactivity

Vocalizations

Excessive barking, growling, and whining can be common signs of a reactive dog. For example, does your dog bark for what feels like a long time when he hears a skateboard go by or when the mail carrier comes to the door?

Body language

Body language is also an indicator. Keep an eye on your dog’s body language in different situations. (You can read more about your dog’s body language in this article.)

Notice if your dog shows any signs of anxiety or stress. Some clear indicators could be trying to flee from a stimulus or deciding to charge and lunge at the trigger in hopes of making it go away.

A dog who exhibits stress signals is not automatically a reactive dog — it depends on the exact circumstances. This can be a tricky distinction, but try to determine if the reaction seems like “too much” for the situation. More on this below!

Fixation on Trigger

Reactive dogs might bark, growl, lunge, spin, whine, show tense body language (like a hunched posture), and have trouble focusing. Often, they fixate on what's triggering them. For example, if your dog is reactive to other dogs, they might have a hard time looking away from another dog even when you try to redirect their attention. For more information, check out this helpful article on reactive dog behaviors.

Subtle Stress Signals

Sometimes it’s hard to tell the difference between a reactive dog and a dog who is simply startled or expressing a normal behavior like barking. Look for subtle signs of stress alongside more obvious reactions. Whale eye (where you can see the whites of your dog’s eyes), lip licking, tucked tails, and yawning can all indicate stress or anxiety in dogs. This post on stress signals can help you learn to identify them. A visit to a safe, private Sniffspot can also help your dog relax and de-stress.

Remember that showing signs of stress doesn’t automatically mean your dog is reactive. Context is key! A dog yawning after waking up isn’t necessarily stressed. A dog yawning while also pacing, panting, and whining at the vet, on the other hand, is likely anxious. Consider the whole picture and whether your dog’s reaction seems excessive for the situation.

Intensity of reaction

As we mentioned, remember that not all barking or nervous body language is necessarily dog reactivity. It’s natural for our pets to respond to the world around them! Occasional vocalizations or even larger episodes in particularly scary situations (like being startled by an off-leash dog) can be completely normal depending on your dog’s breed and baseline temperament.

What’s important to think about is if your dog’s reaction seems to match the situation at hand or if it seems over the top. If you try to keep your dog from ever barking again, you’re setting yourself up to fail. It’s a natural canine behavior!

If your dog is continually set off by “small” or common things in the environment, though, then it’s definitely worth considering if they have a form of reactivity and how you can help them feel better about the world.

For example: If your dog exhibits stressed body language when cornered by a wild animal, or if they bark a few times when startled by a small child sprinting at them, that reaction is proportional. If your dog is cowering in fear when the cat walks by, though, or freaking out at the mere sight of a stranger down the street, your dog might be reactive. They are having an intense reaction to something that is not actually a danger to them.

Get in touch with a trainer

When in doubt about whether or not your dog’s behavior is considered canine reactivity, get in touch with a professional trainer. They’ll be able to use their years of experience and continuing education to accurately diagnose — and then help you treat — whatever is going on with your pup.

Is it Reactivity or Excitement?

It’s important to distinguish between excitement and reactivity. Sometimes, what looks like reactivity is simply an over-the-top greeting or playful behavior. A dog might bark and jump when they see another dog, but their body language will indicate a playful, eager state rather than fear or aggression. Think loose, wiggly body, a playful bow, and a relaxed, open mouth. Their tail might be wagging enthusiastically, and their overall demeanor will appear happy and engaged.

Reactive dogs, on the other hand, display stress signals. These signals can include tucked tails, flattened ears, whale eyes (showing the whites of their eyes), lip licking, yawning, and panting. These behaviors indicate underlying anxiety or fear, even if the dog is also barking or lunging. The key difference is the emotional state driving the behavior. An excited dog wants to engage; a reactive dog wants the perceived threat to go away. A reactive dog’s barking is often higher-pitched and more frantic than the barking of an excited dog.

As Sniffspot explains, “A dog who exhibits stress signals is not automatically a reactive dog — it depends on the exact circumstances.” Consider the context. Is your dog reacting proportionally to the situation? A bark at a sudden loud noise is normal. Continuous barking and lunging at a dog across the street, accompanied by stress signals, is more likely reactivity. If you’re unsure, consulting a qualified dog trainer can provide personalized guidance. Finding safe, controlled environments for your dog to socialize and exercise, like those offered on Sniffspot, can also be a valuable tool in managing reactivity.

Get safe exercise for your dog by renting a private dog park near you

What should I do if my dog is showing signs of reactivity?

How to train through your dog’s reactivity is a huge topic. We’ve put together a separate beginner’s guide with everything you need to know to get started! Below are the key points to keep in mind.

Try to remain calm

First things first: Don’t panic!

As we stated above, many people live with reactive dogs. You can live a full life with a reactive dog — and your reactive dog can have a full life, too.

Figure out what causes your dog’s reactivity

Understand your dog’s triggers and emotions

Spend some time thinking about why your dog barks, growls, and lunges at certain things. Really observe your dog. When are they calm and showing relaxed behavior? When are they reactive? Your pup may have a trigger that’s obvious (mail carriers, people with beards, etc) or it may be harder to spot. (Maybe she wildly barks sometimes and you don’t know why — in this case, try your best to listen, watch and get to the root of it.)

Questions to ask yourself about your dog’s reactivity

In what situations is your dog most likely to react? Does a trigger have to be moving in a certain way (directly approaching versus passing on the other side of the street, for example)?

How close does a trigger need to be before your dog barks, lunges, growls, or otherwise reacts at it? This is referred to as their threshold distance. If the trigger is farther away than this limit, they’re under threshold and able to take treats normally, sniff the environment, and respond to you with loose body language. Once it breaks their “bubble,” they go into a panicked fight-or-flight mode.

Is your dog’s reactivity limited to when they’re on a leash, or does it happen regardless of where they are (loose in the yard, in your home, etc)?

Is your dog a social butterfly with their triggers outside of a certain context, or do they always react?

Does your dog seem afraid or merely over aroused?

Pay attention to your dog’s body language

As mentioned in the above section on how to know if your dog is reactive, watch for signs of stress in your pup, such as lip licking, facial tension, whale eye (when a dog turns their head but keeps their eyes on you, showing a lot of the whites of their eyes), shaking, or freezing. If you notice your dog showing these signs, note the situation and environment and see if you can get to the bottom of what’s causing them. (You may have to do this several times to be able to notice a pattern.)

You might never have clear answers about what causes your dog’s reactivity

Understanding the root cause of your dog’s reactivity can be difficult — and maybe even impossible for some pets. It’s worth spending some time thinking about it, but don’t dwell if you (or even your trainer, a behavior professional) can’t fully figure it out. Try to make peace with the ambiguity and commit to treating your dog’s behavior.

Meet your dog’s basic needs and keep tabs on their health

It’s always a good idea to evaluate your reactive dog’s basic needs before focusing on specific training situations. Even if your dog’s reactivity is driven by more than a treatable health or fulfillment problem, making sure their needs are met will still help you maximize your training success.

Physical health problems can exacerbate reactivity

Canines are great at hiding discomfort. If your dog is reacting when being touched by people or playing with other dogs — especially if they’re suddenly sensitive in situations they used to tolerate well — there’s a good chance they’re in pain.

Consider Veterinary Consultation

Because physical health problems can exacerbate reactivity, it’s always a good idea to consult your veterinarian. Canines are great at hiding discomfort. If your dog is reacting when being touched by people or playing with other dogs—especially if they’re suddenly sensitive in situations they used to tolerate well—there’s a good chance they’re in pain. Even seemingly minor issues, like a urinary tract infection, can make dogs grumpy and more reactive. It’s worth ruling out an underlying medical condition before focusing on behavioral modification.

Your vet can also prescribe medication to help manage your dog’s reactivity. While medication isn’t a magic bullet, it can lower your dog’s overall stress levels, which can make training more effective. Think of it like talk therapy for humans—it’s a tool to help your dog cope, not a cure. Many owners find that a combination of medication, training, and environmental management is the key to success with reactive dogs.

Provide enrichment to help fulfill your dog

At its simplest, enrichment provides animals with opportunities to satisfy their innate instincts. Common enrichment activities usually give our dogs the chance to safely dig, sniff, and emulate their predatory behavior sequence (searching, stalking, chasing, fighting, celebrating, and consuming) without causing harm to or disrupting the communities we live in.

You can read more in our Comprehensive Guide to Canine Enrichment article. Get their brains going!

Safe and Enriching Spaces on Sniffspot

Finding safe and enriching spaces for your reactive dog can be a game-changer. A predictable environment where your dog can relax and engage in natural behaviors is key for building confidence and reducing reactivity triggers. That’s where Sniffspot comes in.

Sniffspot offers private dog parks that provide a controlled and secure environment for reactive dogs to explore and play without the stress of unpredictable encounters with other dogs or people. These spaces allow you to tailor the experience to your dog's specific needs, whether it's a quiet, secluded spot or a larger area with stimulating features.

Many Sniffspot hosts understand the challenges of dog reactivity and offer amenities specifically designed for reactive dogs, such as separate entrances and exits, visual barriers, and ample space between bookings to minimize potential stressors. This personalized approach can make a world of difference in helping your reactive dog feel safe and comfortable.

Beyond simply providing a safe space, Sniffspot can also be a valuable tool for enrichment. Dog water parks, for example, offer a fun and engaging way for dogs to cool off and exercise, while hiking trails on Sniffspot provide opportunities for sniffing and exploring new environments. Even a simple, fenced-in yard can become an enriching experience with the addition of puzzle toys, scent games, or a digging pit.

By combining the safety and control of a private space with enriching activities, Sniffspot can help you create positive experiences for your reactive dog, build their confidence, and reduce their overall reactivity. It's a win-win for both you and your furry friend.

Take care of yourself as your dog’s guardian, too

Living with a reactive dog can be overwhelming — and there’s no shame in admitting that. It’s okay if you’re tired. It’s okay if you miss a training session here and there. It’s okay if you sometimes feel jealous of other dogs and owners who don’t have to worry about the things you’re constantly keeping track of.

Take time to practice self care. You have to fill your own cup before you’re able to give your dog what they need! There will inevitably be setbacks in training your reactive dog — but together you can create more positive associations, as long as you show yourself grace.

Use management strategies to prevent reactive behavior while you work on training your dog

Management is an important part of helping your reactive dog. The more frequently your pet practices their undesirable behaviors in a heightened emotional state, the deeper they ingrain those habits. It’s important to prevent as many reactions as possible so your training can be successful!

Once you know your dog’s triggers, the good news is that you can manage them (to some degree). Take note of everything in and around your home that you can control. Get creative with your dog’s environment to minimize what triggers them.

Just a few management examples to minimize your dog’s exposure to triggers:

Carefully consider when you go to an environment and whether it will be too busy for your reactive dog to feel comfortable. It’s smart to avoid places with many off-leash dogs, young kids, or other common triggers, especially early on in your reactivity training plan.

Put on white noise for dogs who bark when they hear a car or person outside.

Cover your windows with film or close the blinds to prevent your dog from barking at triggers outside your living room or office windows throughout the day. You can also use household objects as visual barriers.

Drive to a quieter walking route rather than trying to stay in your immediate neighborhood if it’s too overwhelming.

Don’t feel guilty about turning around when you see a trigger if you aren’t prepared to train through it. Remember management is your friend!

A reactive dog wears a muzzle as a humane management technique

When management fails, get out of the situation

If you are surprised by a trigger, try to get out of the situation as gracefully as possible. For example, if you are surprised by another dog on a walk and your dog is reactive to other dogs, this might look like making a u-turn or crossing the street. Your exact exit strategy will be different depending what the trigger is.

The important things to remember are that you want to get away from the trigger safely and you do not want to punish your dog (more on that below).

If your dog does react, remember it can take a long time for their nervous system to completely recover. Take it easy for the next few days and up your management game!

Start tackling specific reactivity scenarios

We’ve covered a lot of reactivity treatment foundations. Now for the nitty gritty: What does the actual training to address your dog’s reactivity look like? There are a range of training techniques, methods, and set ups to help your reactive dog feel calmer around their triggers. Most of them involve creating neutral or positive experiences to change their underlying emotions. This process is called behavior modification or behavior rehabilitation.

We’ve compiled a full list in this reactivity training article with comprehensive steps to follow, but below are two key concepts to understand.

Desensitization

Desensitization involves getting our dogs used to their triggers slowly, in small doses that don’t put them over threshold. While it can be difficult to implement in the “real world” (public environments are often unpredictable and we can’t always decide how far away our dogs are from their triggers) it’s a valuable technique in controlled situations. Distance, intensity and duration matter.

According to the VCA, desensitization means “the gradual exposure to situations or stimuli that would bring on the undesirable behavior, but at a level so low that there is no negative response.” Desensitization and counterconditioning go hand in hand.

Counterconditioning

Counter conditioning (CC) is your best friend when you have a reactive dog. What is it? Counter conditioning means “changing the pet’s emotional response, feelings or attitude toward a stimulus,” according to the VCA.

Counter conditioning is the process of pairing something scary or overwhelming (your reactive dog’s triggers) with something positive (like their favorite treats or toys) to ultimately change their conditioned emotional response over time. CC can be incredibly helpful when working with reactive dogs — but it’s important to be aware of your timing! If you feed your dog before they notice their trigger, you might accidentally teach them that “good things predict scary things” instead of the other way around. You also have to keep up CC consistently or undesirable emotions (and their associated behaviors) can return.

What counter conditioning might look like in practice

Here are a few steps to begin counterconditioning your dog’s triggers. First, you’ll need lots of high value treats. Take your dog (and your treats) to an area with the dog’s trigger (or where the trigger is likely to appear). Once the trigger appears and the dog clocks it (e.g. you can see the dog observing the trigger, but not yet reacting to it), begin generously rewarding the dog with the high value treats.

An example: perhaps you’re out on a walk with a dog who is reactive to skateboards. You hear a skateboard in the distance, and see your dog’s ears prick up, observing the sound. Now is a great time to reward the dog with the high value treats. The goal here is to change the dog’s association from “skateboarders = bad and scary” to “skateboarders = treats are coming.”

The process will look different depending on the dog’s triggers, but that is the basic idea. It is very important to start small and go slowly. As with any training process, counterconditioning is likely to take a while, and you will have to do it multiple times across many different sessions. Be patient and celebrate victories, even if they seem small!

Working with a Certified Professional

Finding a Certified Dog Trainer or Veterinary Behaviorist

If your dog shows signs of reactivity, consider working with a certified professional. A certified dog trainer or, even better, a veterinary behaviorist specializing in reactivity can be invaluable. They can help you identify your dog’s specific triggers, understand the underlying causes of their behavior, and develop a tailored management and training plan. Sniffspot can help you find qualified trainers near you.

Benefits of Professional Guidance

Working with a certified professional offers several benefits. They bring expertise in canine behavior and learning theory, providing structured guidance and support. A professional can also offer objective observations about your dog’s behavior, which can be difficult for owners to assess on their own. Plus, they can teach you effective training techniques and help you troubleshoot any challenges you encounter. Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine offers more information on managing reactive behavior.

Medication as a Management Tool

Discuss Medication Options with Your Veterinarian

In some cases, medication can be a helpful tool in managing reactivity, especially if anxiety or other underlying conditions contribute to the behavior. It’s important to discuss medication options with your veterinarian. They can assess your dog’s individual needs and determine if medication is appropriate. The American Kennel Club discusses the difference between reactivity and aggression, which is an important distinction to understand when considering medication.

Combining Medication with Behavioral Training

Medication is most effective when used in conjunction with behavioral training. It can help reduce your dog’s anxiety levels, making them more receptive to training and behavior modification techniques. Think of medication as a support system, not a cure-all. It can help create a calmer state of mind for your dog, allowing them to learn and adapt more easily. Learn more about medications used in dog behavior therapy. PetMD offers insights into what a reactive dog is and how to help.

What not to do if you have a reactive dog

You should never punish your dog for reactivity. Many people are tempted to do this in an attempt to “correct” the behavior — but dog trainers agree it only makes things worse in the long run. It can instill more fear in your dog and does not deal with the root of their reactivity.

Though it can be difficult to resist the urge to punish in the moment, keep in mind that positive reinforcement is a much more effective strategy. Punishment will only degrade your relationship with your dog.

Avoid Punishment or Force-Based Methods

You should never punish your dog for reactivity. Many people are tempted to do this in an attempt to “correct” the behavior — but qualified dog trainers agree it only makes things worse. It can instill more fear in your dog and doesn’t address the root of their reactivity. Learn more about reactivity in dogs here.

Though it can be difficult to resist the urge to punish in the moment, keep in mind that positive reinforcement is a much more effective strategy. Punishment will only damage your relationship with your dog.

Don't Flood Your Dog with Triggers

Managing your dog’s environment is an important part of helping your reactive dog. The more frequently your pet practices their undesirable behaviors in a heightened emotional state, the more they reinforce those habits. It’s important to prevent as many reactions as possible so your training can be successful! This article on reactive dogs explains why.

Once you understand your dog’s triggers, you can manage them. Take note of everything in and around your home that you can control. Get creative with your dog’s environment to minimize their exposure to triggers. For example, Sniffspot can be a great resource to find safe and controlled environments for your dog to practice de-stressing and relaxing.

Get your dog the safe enrichment they need by renting a Sniffspot

Trainer Review of This Article

There is so much misinformation out there, we want to make sure we only provide the highest quality information to our community. We have all of our articles reviewed by qualified, positive-only trainers.

This is the trainer that reviewed this article:

Shannon Finch
AnimalKind Training
M.Ed. Humane Education
Karen Pryor Academy Certified Training Partner
Certified Tellington TTouch and TTEAM Practitioner

Sniffspot’s Proprietary Survey Statistics

Sniffspot Research 2023, n = 4,092
This infographic about dog reactivity is set in a green and white color scheme. Graphics and illustrations show stats like the dog breeds with the highest levels of reported reactivity, the most common reactivity triggers, and how dog reactivity is concentrated in different areas of the United States.

This infographic about dog reactivity is set in a green and white color scheme. Graphics and illustrations show stats like the dog breeds with the highest levels of reported reactivity, the most common reactivity triggers, and how dog reactivity is concentrated in different areas of the United States.

Get safe exercise for your dog by renting a private dog park near you

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Frequently Asked Questions

Is my dog reactive if they bark at the mail carrier?

Not necessarily. It's normal for dogs to bark at unfamiliar sounds or people approaching their territory. Reactivity is about the intensity and frequency of the reaction, not just barking itself. If your dog barks excessively at every mail carrier, every delivery person, or every unfamiliar sound, and shows other stress signals, it might be reactivity. If it's a few barks and then they settle down, it's likely normal territorial behavior.

My dog is reactive on leash, but fine off-leash. What's going on?

This is called leash reactivity, and it's fairly common. On-leash, dogs might feel restricted and unable to flee from perceived threats, leading to a heightened reactive response. They might also be frustrated at not being able to greet other dogs or investigate interesting smells. Off-leash, they have more freedom and control, which can reduce their anxiety and reactivity.

How can I find a qualified trainer to help with my reactive dog?

Look for certified professional dog trainers or veterinary behaviorists who specialize in reactivity and use positive reinforcement methods. Avoid trainers who advocate punishment or dominance-based techniques. Sniffspot maintains a list of recommended trainers, and you can also ask your veterinarian for referrals.

Are certain breeds more prone to reactivity?

While some breeds have been bred for traits that might make them appear more reactive (like herding dogs being alert to movement), any dog can develop reactivity. Genetics might play a small role, but early socialization, experiences, and learned associations are much more significant factors.

I feel overwhelmed by my dog's reactivity. What can I do?

It's completely understandable to feel overwhelmed. Caring for a reactive dog can be challenging. Remember to prioritize self-care and seek support from other reactive dog owners or online communities. Finding safe, controlled environments like Sniffspot can also make a big difference in reducing stress for both you and your dog.

Get your dog the safe enrichment they need by renting a Sniffspot

David Adams

September 10, 2025

Dog Reactivity

David Adams

About the author

David Adams is a man of many passions, but his love for dogs stands above all. He is not only a dog lover, but also the founder of an innovative platform called Sniffspot. This unique platform connects dog owners with private property owners who are willing to rent out their space for off-leash playtime. While the idea of Sniffspot was initially conceived by his wife, Rebecca, David has been the driving force behind its remarkable success, tirelessly overseeing its growth and development. David's dedication to providing safe and enjoyable spaces for dogs to play, explore, and socialize is evident in his unwavering commitment to Sniffspot. He strongly believes that dogs need ample space and opportunities to stretch their legs and have fun. As a result, he has worked tirelessly to build a network of private property owners across the country who share his vision and are willing to offer their space for the benefit of dogs and their owners. Despite his busy schedule, David always finds time to indulge in his passion for the great outdoors. He loves nothing more than exploring new hiking trails and embarking on thrilling outdoor adventures. Whenever he is not working on Sniffspot, he can often be found hiking or visiting multi-acre fenced sniffspots with his two beloved dogs, Soba and Toshii. He is an avid outdoorsman who enjoys the fresh air, breathtaking scenery, and the sense of freedom that comes with being in nature. David is based in Salem, MA.

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About Sniffspot

Sniffspot provides the best experiences and fun for you and your dog. Our dog parks are designed for the ultimate dog exercise. Our private spaces help you minimize distractions or triggers and maximize time with your dog. We provide off leash enrichment - exploration and activities you can't get anywhere else; wear your dog out for days. We make it easy to have playdates. Socialize your pup in a controlled, private spot - it's great exercise and it's fun for you and your dog.

What Is a Reactive Dog? A Complete Guide

What is reactivity in a pet dog?

Key Takeaways

What causes dog reactivity?

Nature and nurture both play a role in dog reactivity

Genetic Predisposition

Early Experiences and Socialization

Learned Associations

Fear-based dog reactivity

Frustration-based leash reactivity

Medical Reasons for Reactivity

Underlying Pain or Discomfort

Neurological Conditions

Hormonal Imbalances

Are certain breeds or types of dogs more likely to be reactive?

Some breeds have innate instincts that can be linked to reactivity

Other dogs are just prone to overarousal, independent of breed

Any dog breed can become fearful or frustrated

What is not dog reactivity?

Territoriality or Resource Guarding

Rough play

Puppy nipping

Resource guarding

Pain-Induced Aggression

Barking or whining when separated from you

How do I know if my dog is reactive?

Look for signs of reactivity

Vocalizations

Body language

Fixation on Trigger

Subtle Stress Signals

Intensity of reaction

Get in touch with a trainer

Is it Reactivity or Excitement?

What should I do if my dog is showing signs of reactivity?

Try to remain calm

Figure out what causes your dog’s reactivity

Understand your dog’s triggers and emotions

Questions to ask yourself about your dog’s reactivity

Pay attention to your dog’s body language

You might never have clear answers about what causes your dog’s reactivity

Meet your dog’s basic needs and keep tabs on their health

Physical health problems can exacerbate reactivity

Consider Veterinary Consultation

Provide enrichment to help fulfill your dog

Safe and Enriching Spaces on Sniffspot

Take care of yourself as your dog’s guardian, too

Use management strategies to prevent reactive behavior while you work on training your dog

When management fails, get out of the situation

Start tackling specific reactivity scenarios

Desensitization

Counterconditioning

What counter conditioning might look like in practice

Working with a Certified Professional

Finding a Certified Dog Trainer or Veterinary Behaviorist

Benefits of Professional Guidance

Medication as a Management Tool

Discuss Medication Options with Your Veterinarian

Combining Medication with Behavioral Training

What not to do if you have a reactive dog

Avoid Punishment or Force-Based Methods

Don't Flood Your Dog with Triggers

Further reading and learning

Sniffspot blogs on canine reactivity

Other training resources on dog reactivity

Trainer Review of This Article

Sniffspot’s Proprietary Survey Statistics

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Frequently Asked Questions

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